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See Rothbard's What Has Government Done to Our Money . When a regular person buys a government bond, that person is spending money they had to have somehow received beforehand from someone else. That is, it must have been money that was already in circulation. When the Federal Reserve buys government...
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Currency, by definition, is never "hard;" people keep the hard money and spend the least hard. However, the problem is easy if there is a federal system: the central government is mandated to coin both gold and silver coins, the several States adopt one or the other. If someone finds a reef...